Repair And Fix it

Wheel bearing failure is a common cause of driving troubles that may lead to damage of the cars drivetrain, or at the very least cause some obnoxious noises. The Dodge Avenger features maintenance-free wheel bearings. As a result, when the bearings no longer operate properly they must be replaced with the entire wheel hub assembly. This procedure requires removal of the steering knuckle, so it may be beneficial to consider replacing other elements of the steering and drivetrain during this repair to avoid future frustration.

Instructions

1

Loosen the wheel hub bolt and remove the wheel cotter pin. Raise the front of the vehicle and support it on jack stands, then remove the wheel.

2

Remove the steering knuckle from the vehicle. This will require removing the brake calipers from the rotor and disengaging the tie rod ends and the lower ball joint. Doing this will require the use of a tie rod presser and a ball joint separator tool.

3

Remove the bolts holding the wheel hub to the steering knuckle once the knuckle has been removed from the vehicle. It is recommended to do this on a bench or other solid surface. Remove the hub from the steering knuckle by gently tapping it with a soft mallet.

4

Clean the mating surface between the steering knuckle and the wheel hub. Install the new hub assembly and tighten the bolts to 65 foot-pounds of torque.

5

Reinstall the steering knuckle and the brake calipers. Install the tire and lower the vehicle. Tighten the wheel hub nut and install a new cotter pin. Drive the vehicle to check for proper alignment.

The valve covers sit on the top of the cylinder heads, and removing them will allow you access to the valves, springs, rocker arms, and push rods on your 7.3-liter Powerstroke Diesel. The 1996 7.3-liter was an optional engine in the Ford F250 and F350 Super Duty series trucks. The engine is very durable and has a good torque band, allowing it to pull heavy loads with little to no stress to the engine.

Instructions

1

Open the hood of your Ford truck and locate the negative battery cable end on the battery terminal. Loosen the clamp bolt on the battery cable end with a wrench then remove the cable from the battery and move it aside, isolating it from the battery.

2

Locate the retaining bolts along the perimeter of the valve covers on the top of the engine. There are eight of them on each valve cover.

3

Remove the eight retaining bolts, one at a time, with a socket and ratchet. Set the bolts aside as you will need them later.

4

Slide a putty knife or other flat, stiff tool under the edge of the valve cover and pry the cover loose from the head. Lift the valve cover straight off the cylinder head and set it aside. Repeat the process on the second valve cover if you are removing both covers.

The exhaust gas recirculation valve, or EGR valve, is part of the Mercury Sables emissions control systems. EGR valves, which were introduced in the 1970s, are now included on all automobiles in the United States.

Purpose

The EGR valve, usually located on the intake manifold, reduces oxides of nitrogen (NOx) that form in internal combustion engines when temperatures reach 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit or more. Nitrogen and oxygen combine to form NOx, a component of smog.

Function

As its name implies, the EGR valve recirculates exhaust gases back into the combustion chamber. Because the exhaust gases cannot be burned again, the result is cooler temperatures in the combustion chambers---several hundred degrees cooler. This reduces the production of NOx.

Performance

The creation of the EGR valve has enabled auto engineers to design more aggressive timing for engines, increasing efficiency and, as a result, improving fuel economy. A malfunctioning EGR valve, however, leads to engine ping and knocking.

The Ford Probe was a two-door coupe that Ford manufactured from 1989 to 1997. The 1996 model is a member of the second generation of Probes that includes the 1993 to 1997 models. Ford Probes may have a four-cylinder, 2.0-liter engine or a six-cylinder, 2.5-liter engine. All versions of this vehicle have multiport fuel injection, which requires a high-pressure fuel pump. You must remove the fuel tank of a Ford Probe in order to replace the fuel pump.

Instructions

1

Start the engine and remove the fuel-pump relay in the engine compartment. Allow the engine to stall and turn off the ignition. Replace the fuel-pump relay.

2

Drain the fuel tank and remove the cable from the negative battery terminal with a socket wrench. Raise the vehicle with a floor jack. Disconnect the exhaust pipe and exhaust-pipe insulator. Remove the electrical connectors and fuel lines from the fuel tank. Support the fuel tank with jack stands and disconnect the support straps for the fuel tank. Lower the fuel tank from the vehicle with the jack stands.

3

Detach the fuel lines from the fuel pump on the fuel tank. Turn the locking ring on the fuel pump counterclockwise with a brass drift and hammer. Disconnect the locking ring from the fuel pump and remove the fuel pump from the fuel tank. Discard the gasket.

4

Put the new gasket into position on the fuel tank and install the new fuel pump. Turn the locking ring for the fuel pump clockwise until the flange on the locking ring reaches the stopper. Connect the fuel lines for the fuel pump.

5

Connect the fuel tank to the vehicle and add at least 3 gallons of fuel to the fuel tank. Check the fuel system for leaks, and lower the vehicle. Connect the cable for the negative battery terminal with a socket wrench.

You can remove the SRS airbags from your 2002 Dodge without taking the car to a mechanic. Airbags are considered to be an essential safety element, but there are some people who are worried about rare injuries that can occur from the airbag deploying. Removing the airbags is a fairly easy procedure and only requires a couple of simple tools. Just make sure to always keep your face and body away from the front of the airbag as you remove it to prevent injury to yourself.

Instructions

1

Raise the front hood of your Dodge and loosen the retaining nuts on the battery cable clamps. Slide the clamps off of the battery terminals one at a time. Wait 30 minutes for the battery charge to drain out.

2

Consult your owners manual to find the location of the airbag fuses. Then open the fuse panel cover that can be found on the drivers-side dashboard. Remove the fuse puller and use it to remove the airbag fuses.

3

Remove the screws on the back of the steering column with a screwdriver and caully remove the airbag from the middle of the steering wheel. Cut the wires attached to it using wire cutters. Set the airbag in a safe location away from people and pets.

4

Open up the glove box and unhook the straps that hold it open. Unscrew the screws holding the glove box in place and pull the entire glove box out of the dashboard. Unbolt the airbag very caully using the socket wrench. Unhook the power cable at the rear of the airbag. Remember to keep your body and face away from the airbag. Slide the airbag out of the compartment.

5

Put the glove box back in the compartment, screw in the screws and reattach the straps. Close the glove box cover.

6

Put the airbag fuses back into their proper places within the fuse panel and close up the fuse panel cover. Reconnect the battery cables and tighten the retaining nuts.

The oil pan in your 2003 V6 Ford Mustang is secured to the bottom of the engine block, and it holds a certain amount of oil for the lubrication system to do its job. If the pan in your Mustang becomes damaged and begins to leak oil, you need to install a new pan. You can replace the pan at home with the help of some special tools.

Instructions

Removing the Used Pan

1

Park your Mustang on level ground. Raise the front of the vehicle with a floor jack. Position two jack stands under the frame for support. Apply the parking brake, and block the rear wheels with chocks.

2

Place a clean, large drain pan under the engine oil pan. Remove the drain plug with a wrench. Allow the oil to drain completely. Cover the pan to keep dirt off the oil for later reuse.

3

Remove the black negative battery cable, air cleaner tube and coolant recovery reservoir with a wrench.

4

Detach the upper radiator shield with a ratchet and socket.

5

Slide the drain pan under the oil filter. Remove the oil filter with a filter wrench.

6

Set up engine lifting brackets and a support fixture on top of the engine compartment, and secure the engine.

7

Remove the left and right motor mounts with a ratchet and socket.

8

Take off the starter motor with a ratchet, short ratchet extension and socket.

9

Unfasten and lower the engine support bracket just enough to gain access to all the oil pan mounting bolts.

10

Detach the wiring harness bracket next to the oil pan. Remove the pan with a ratchet, ratchet extension and socket. Remove the oil pan from the vehicle.

Installing the New Oil Pan

11

Clean the engine block mating surface with a gasket scraper and solvent. Let it dry completely. Apply a light coat of silicone sealant to the oil pan gasket mating surface. Set a new pan gasket on the pan. Position the pan under the engine block. Install the pan mounting bolts, and tighten them with your fingers. Tighten the bolts alternately with a torque wrench, working toward the rear of the engine, to 44 inch-pounds (5 Nm) and then to 88 inch-pounds (10 Nm). Tighten the three bolts that hold the transmission housing bell to 33 foot-pounds (45 Nm). Make sure the pan drain plug is correctly installed.

12

Reinstall the wiring harness to the oil pan and the engine support bracket. Tighten the larger upper bolts to 85 foot-pounds (115 Nm) and the smaller ones to 68 foot-pounds (90 Nm) with the torque wrench.

13

Replace the starter motor, and tighten the bolts to 18 foot-pounds (15 Nm) with the torque wrench.

14

Install the left and right motor mounts, and tighten the bolts to 85 foot-pounds (115 Nm) with the torque wrench.

15

Replace the oil filter by hand. Replace the upper radiator shield with the ratchet and socket.

16

Lower your Mustang with the floor jack.

17

Connect the black negative battery cable, air cleaner tube and coolant recovery reservoir with the wrench.

18

Refill the engine with oil using a small funnel.

19

Check the oil pan for leaks.

Intake gaskets seal gaps between the intake manifold and the cylinder head. They are made in thicknesses ranging from 0.060 inch to 0.120 inch. If too much air gets into the system, the car will not run properly.

Intake Manifold

Gaskets are located throughout the engine, but one of the most important parts of the engine is the intake manifold. The intake manifold regulates the amount of air and fuel your engine gets to create the combustible reactions that power the business. The gaskets can withstand temperatures of 500 degrees Fahrenheit and higher. Some gaskets are made from high-temperature plastic that actually cools the air that passes through them.

Gasket Problem Symptoms

You know that your intake gaskets are no longer doing their job if you start seeing puddles forming under the car when it is in park or when you see a leak in the coolant system. Also, if your engine is rough and slightly jerky, or if you hear whistling from the engine taking in excess air, you have problems with your gaskets.

Repair

A vacuum gauge that checks manifold pressure is used to find the leak. All coolant must be drained from the vehicle and the manifold must be removed in order to replace the gaskets.

Warning

In the book, "Small Black Chevy Engine Buildups," the editors write that with too much air "your engine will turn into melted cheesecake; too little and itll drive like melted cheesecake."

When a vehicles fuel delivery system is not working properly, one of the likely suspects is a faulty fuel pump. Issues, such as a higher than normal level of resistance in the ground connection of the fuel pump, could be causing the problems. In any event, a faulty fuel pump can certainly cause other issues within an automobile.

Fuel Consumption

A low fuel pressure reading often indicates that you have a faulty fuel pump. The voltage being supplied to the pump may not be high enough to spin the pump fast enough to build up the proper amount of pressure. This, in turn, leads to a vehicle burning more gas.

Hard Starting

When a fuel pump is not in operation, a vehicles fuel system should still maintain residual pressure for at least a few minutes. When this is not the case, its often because the check valve on the fuel pump is leaking. This can lead to hard starting in a vehicle.

Tips

If an in-tank fuel pump is faulty and needs replacing, the battery always should be disconnected first. This will keep sparks from occurring during the replacement procedure.

The 2005 Kia Spectra left the factory with a 2.0-liter, four-cylinder engine with a single serpentine belt driving the alternator and water pump from power supplied by the crankshaft pulley. Replacing that belt is a simply process with just a few steps and requiring only hand tools to complete. Working in the driveway or garage at home, most home mechanics can accomplish this job in about 20 minutes. A replacement belt for your Kia is available from any auto-parts store or through the Kia dealer.

Instructions

1

Open the hood of the car and remove the retaining bolt that holds the negative battery cable on the negative battery terminal using a wrench. Isolate the cable from the battery while you work.

2

Locate the adjuster bolt on the top of the alternator and loosen it with a wrench. Push the alternator toward the center of the engine, loosening the belt.

3

Remove the belt from the pulleys and discard it. Place the new belt around the crankshaft pulley, run it up and over the water pump pulley, then around the alternator pulley. Pull the alternator back, tightening the belt.

4

Tighten the adjuster bolt on the top of the alternator with a wrench, then check the tension on the belt. Press down on the belt between the alternator pulley and the water pump pulley. The belt should deflect about 1/8 inch.

5

Install the negative battery cable on the negative battery terminal and install the retaining bolt. Tighten the bolt with a wrench.

General Motors makes a wide variety of trucks for the consumer, but all of them rely on gas and a battery to start. If you are having problems starting your GM truck, you can troubleshoot the problem by taking a look at these two components. When your battery has a low charge or is dead, the trucks motor will not be able to fire up. GM trucks require gasoline to run, so a low fuel tank could be the culprit to your truck not starting.

Instructions

1

Turn the key in your GM truck to get the gauge readings. Check the fuel level and make sure you have enough fuel to start the truck. Add fuel if needed.

2

Pop the hood on the GM truck and locate the battery. Use a socket wrench to disconnect the battery terminals from the battery. Clean the battery terminals with a wire brush and a can of soda if corrosion has set in.

3

Reattach the battery terminals to the battery and start the truck.

4

Jump start the truck with jumper wires and another vehicle. Allow the truck to run for about five minutes and then turn it off.

5

Try to restart the truck. If the truck doesnt restart, you will need to replace your battery.

The indicators on a car or motorcycle need to be functional in order for the vehicle to be road-worthy. Making turns or changing lanes without informing other road users can be very dangerous. If one of your indicators has a burned or broken contact, it will be necessary to repair it. Removing the contact and replacing it with a new one is a far more cost effective solution than replacing the whole indicator.

Instructions

1

Turn off the ignition and remove the contact clips from the battery. Use the screwdriver to remove any mounting screws holding the indicator assembly to the body. It should lift out as one complete unit.

2

The indicator assembly consists of a front and rear half, which are usually held together by means of a sprung plastic clip bridging the two halves. Locate the clip and press it using the blade of the screwdriver. The two halves will separate, revealing the inside of the indicator.

3

Unscrew the bulb and lift it out of the assembly. With the back of the assembly removed, you should be able to see the wiring. Locate the burned or broken contact.

4

Heat up the soldering iron and hold it to the base of the contact. The metal tab of the contact is held in place by a plastic spade clip, but the soldered electrical connection at the base must be released to remove it from the plastic clip. Melt the solder, taking care not to touch the plastic ridges at the edge.

5

Grip the end of the contact with the needle-nose pliers and pull it toward you, it should slide out from the clip, allowing you to replace it with a fresh one.

Muscle car and classic car enthusiasts spend enormous amounts of time and resources to faithfully restore their rides to their original state. The Impala was initially launched in 1958 as both coupe and convertible versions. These were followed by several body styles in 1959 as this famed Chevrolet marquee gained in popularity during this time. The cowl tag on the drivers side of the firewall in the engine compartment has all the relevant information about the car, including the interior trim, body color, VIN and the body style.

Instructions

1

Open the hood and search for the cowl tag on the firewall near the drivers side. The cowl tag will be riveted in place on the firewall.

2

Read the cowl tag and write down the numbers on the tag. The left side of the tag will indicate TRIM or BODY COLOR, followed by a corresponding number code. Write down all of the items.

3

Log onto 348-409.com to get specific information about your Impalas cowl tag. The body color codes on a 1959 Impala will be represented by a three-digit number. The numbers correspond to a specific body color used in the manufacturing process. A 900 code means that the car was originally finished in Tuxedo Black, and 903 indicates Aspen Green. The trim codes are also represented by a three-digit number specifies the interior colors. An 801 code means that the car was originally finished in a gray-colored cloth and vinyl interior while an 867 indicates a copper and brown cloth and vinyl interior. There are approximately 37 codes for the trim.

Exterior car windows are held on by a few screws. The most time-consuming part of this task is accessing these screws and the electrical connector if you are replacing a power mirror. Though the procedure for replacing exterior mirrors is nearly identical for all vehicles, you may need different tools depending on what types of screws and panel fasteners your car has.

Instructions

Removing the Old Mirror

1

Remove the mirror trim panel. It is the triangle-shaped panel located on the inside of your door, directly opposite of the exterior side mirror. Youll need a special door trim removal tool to do this on some cars, but you may be able to remove some panels with just a screwdriver.

2

Remove the entire door panel if necessary. Youll only have to do this for cars with power windows because youll have to disconnect the electrical connector that may be located behind the door panel. It may take some time to find all the door panel fasteners, and as with the mirror trim panel, you may need a specialized door panel removal tool. The screws may also be hidden behind small decorative panels. These usually snap right off of the panel.

3

Unscrew the screws that secure the mirror from the interior side of the door. The screws are located behind the mirror trim panel you removed. There are usually three of them and they may have a Phillips, hex or Torx head.

4

Disconnect the electrical connector if you are replacing a power mirror. If the connector was not accessible when you removed the mirror trim panel, follow the wiring from the mirror until you find the connector.

5

Remove the mirror by pulling it away from the door.

Installing the New Mirror

6

Put the new mirror in place, and install the retaining screws with a Phillips screwdriver, Torx driver or hex driver, depending on the screw heads.

7

Reconnect the electrical connector, if necessary.

8

Reinstall the door panel (if you removed it) and mirror trim panel. Push the panel into place. Some fasteners will probably snap to fasten, then install any screw fasteners you removed. Lastly, if you have removed any covers to hide screws, snap these back into place.

An exhaust valve allows cylinder head gasses to escape, Expensive engine work is often necessary when an exhaust valve breaks. Though repair is needed once this occurs, having information on what caused the valve breakage might be important.

Types

There are two types of breakage to which exhaust valves can fall victim. One type involves a breakage where the head and the stem connect. A break can also occur at the point of the stem where the keeper-grooves have been built in.

Head Breakage

Exhaust valves can experience this type of breakage because of stretching that occurs due to constant heat. Thermal shock negatively effects exhaust valves, because sudden drops in the engines temperature causes them to break.

Stem Breakage

Heavy wear in the keeper grooves will cause the stem to snap off an exhaust valve. Constant sideloading can cause stem breakage if the stem height has not been installed correctly.

The blower resistor on most cars and trucks controls the speed of the blower motor by changing the voltage that reaches the motor when the speed switch is moved from one setting to another. On the Pontiac Aztek, the resistor is part of a controller mounted on the front of the blower motor housing under the passengers side dash. If the motor runs on high but not on any other speed, theres a good chance that the resistor is no longer functioning and needs to be replaced.

Instructions

1

Locate the blower motor under the passengers side of the dash. Find the blower controller to the left of the motor and disconnect the wiring harness connection on the controller from the connector on the wiring harness.

2

Depress the locking tab as you separate the two halves of the connection. Lay the connector from the wiring harness aside where it will not get damaged.

3

Locate the two retaining bolts on the bottom edge of the controller and remove them with a socket and ratchet. Pull the controller off the housing and remove it from under the dash.

Engines incorporate a basic but complex dance of physics, harnessing and converting energy in a multi-stage process to turn dead dinosaurs into forward velocity. The fuel molecules journey through an engine may not qualify as epic to us, but it is fairly Odyssean by subatomic standards.

Into the Engine

Fuel starts out as a liquid stored in the fuel tank. A pump shoves fuel through a line and into a filter, which gets rid of any debris that may clog the injectors. After going through the filter, fuel travels upstream to the fuel injectors. Fuel injectors work just like the spray nozzle on your garden hose, and spray out in much the same way as a garden hose nozzle on "fine mist." When you just crack the hose aperture open, pressure in the line forces water to spray out in a fine, cone-shaped mist. With an injector, this mist goes into the engine just ahead of the intake valve in multi-point fuel injected engines; on direct-injection engines, it sprays directly into the combustion chamber.

Into the Cylinder

Next, the intake valve opens and low pressures in the cylinder -- caused by a piston dropping down in the cylinder on its "intake stroke" -- suck air and fuel mist (atomized fuel) into the combustion chamber. Modern engines generally use a high-swirl cylinder-head design, which allows the air to maintain velocity and swirl like a tornado around the cylinder instead of just rushing in and slamming into a wall. This tornado effect increases power by allowing more air and fuel to fill the cylinder, and it enhances efficiency by keeping fuel suspended as a fine mist instead of allowing it to coalesce into fat droplets. This more even distribution allows more of the fuel to burn and produce power.

Boom

The intake valve closes just as the piston rises on its "compressions stroke," which (as you might guess) compresses the air and fuel into a small pocket above the piston called the combustion chamber. A spark goes off in the top of the chamber just before the piston reaches the very apex of its travel. The compressed air and fuel around the spark ignite, starting out as a tiny "flame kernel" and quickly expanding out into a bubble known as the "flame front." This bubble travels at or near the speed of sound, quickly expanding to fill the cylinder and shoving the piston back down with the force of its expanding gases and the power of its own sonic shockwave. This is the "power stroke."

The Combustion Event

Combustion is any event wherein fuel combines with oxygen to produce heat and some sort of chemical conversion. Gasoline is a hydrocarbon, meaning that its made of hydrogen and carbon atoms (commonly one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms). When this CH4 molecule combines with O2 (oxygen gas), it produces CO2 (carbon dioxide), H20 (water) and heat. So, a pure hydrocarbon in a pure oxygen atmosphere would hypothetically produce only carbon dioxide and water. However, air is about 78 percent nitrogen by volume, and under extreme heat and pressure that nitrogen also combines with oxygen to produce dangerous nitrogen oxide emissions. Additionally, oxygen is almost always the limiting reactant in this chemical reaction, so a certain amount of fuel will leave the engine unburned during the exhaust stroke.

Combustion Malfunctions

Fuel doesnt always expand in a neat flame kernel, or front, away from the spark plug. The compressed air-fuel mixture is extremely volatile, and almost anything will set it off. This is especially true of low-octane fuels, which ignite easier than high-octane fuels. Too much heat and pressure inside the cylinder or combustion chamber will cause the fuel to auto-ignite, or "detonate." Detonation -- aka "knock or "ping" -- is extremely bad because its an explosion rather than a controlled burn, effectively identical to grilling a chicken with dynamite. These explosions happen in multiple places around the cylinder, and each one produces its own sonic shockwave. When those shockwaves collide, they instantly spike cylinder pressure and pre-ignite any remaining fuel caught between them. This kind of uncontrolled chaos is death for any engine, particularly forced-induction powerplants using a supercharger, turbo or nitrous.

A cleaning job on a vehicles fuel injector heads only takes a little more than 10 minutes to complete. However, this cleaning could make a world of difference, as dirty injector heads can adversely affect the performance of an automobile.

Significance

Its important for injector heads to be cleaned because of the effects they can have on an automobiles engine if left unchecked. Vehicles may hesitate during takeoff or not perform with the same power as they normally would. Even a partially clogged injector can lead to engine misfiring problems.

Deposits

Injector heads need to be cleaned because as time passes deposits can accumulate on them, leaving them clogged. Deposits are a result of compounds within the engines fuel that get baked onto the injector heads when the engine is off but still hot. Without fuel flowing through the injector, nothing stands in the way of this slow deposit build up.

Time Frame

Fuel injector heads will have a greater need for cleaning on vehicles that have traveled longer distances. Although these distances can vary, experts warn that cleaning should be performed on fuel injectors after about 27,000 miles have been driven.

Battery chargers perform a fairly simple task: convert alternating-current power to direct-current and transfer that energy to a battery. But this is a multidimensional challenge, since household current is 115 volts and upward of 200 amps, while the battery itself only needs 12 to 14 volts and 2 to 10 amps. The chargers control system is similar to that of an automotive alternator, but the control strategy varies by manufacturer and unit quality.

Ohms Law

Ohms Law got its name from Georg Ohm, the 18th century German physicist who defined electrical resistance as we know it today. Using the electrochemical cell pioneered by Italian count Assandro Volta (guess what got his name), Ohm quantified the proportional difference between voltage applied to a conductor and the resultant electrical current. The difference (or loss) within the circuit is its resistance in Ohms. Ohms basic law states that current in amperes flowing through a conductor equals the voltage applied across the circuit divided by its resistance in Ohms. In mathematical shorthand, the formula is " I = V / R", where "I" equals current in amperes, "V" equals volts and "R" equals resistance in ohms.

Consequences of Varying Resistance

Installing a resistor in-line between a power source and an accessory does have consequences. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can never appear or disappear; it can only change forms. If you install an electric motor into an electrical circuit, the electrical energy turns into kinetic energy (movement); install a light bulb and the electrical energy turns into light. But not all of that energy will convert completely; a certain amount of it will get "stuck" in the devices internal resistance and bounce around to produce heat. If you increase resistance in the circuit by installing a higher-resistance material such as graphite or ceramic, the excess current will vibrate around in the material and cause it to heat up.

Varying Load

The other way to limit amperage through a circuit is to limit its amp draw, or the load that its physically capable of pulling without a resistor in line. The tiny motor in your electric razor blade will only draw a few milli-amps regardless of whether you connect it to a triple-A battery or a nuclear reactor. Thats because the diameter of the wires in the motor will only pass a certain amount of current. You can think of the wiring diameter as a hole in a bucket of water; a bigger hole will pass more water and a smaller one will pass less. You can shove more water through by increasing the water pressure (similar to increasing voltage in the electrical circuit), but the big hole will always flow more at a given pressure.

Battery Charger Strategy

Battery chargers will typically use either a load-varying approach or a combination of load-varying and resistance-varying. A high-quality charger will use multiple circuits with varying load draws to transfer power from the input to the output. When you flip the switch from a 10-amp quick-charge to a 2-amp trickle-charge, the charger will switch to a lower-draw circuit. Cheap chargers will typically use a calibrated circuit to maintain the maximum 10-amp quick-charge; flipping the switch to a 2-amp trickle-charge will re-route power through a higher resistance diode or resistor that absorbs the additional 8 amps, which is why cheap chargers will typically get far hotter under trickle charge than more expensive ones. This heat both reduces component life and wastes electricity.

Nissan is a Japanese auto manufacturer. Until 2008, Nissans V6 engine had appeared in every single annual publication of "Wards 10 Best Engines." "Wards Auto World" magazine began publishing the list in 1995. If you are considering trading your engine for a Nissan engine or if you want to upgrade your existing Nissan engine, its smart to do a comparison to find which one is best for you. To effectively compare Nissan engines you need to have a set of comparison criteria.

Instructions

1

Decide what is most important to you in an engine. If youre upgrading or replacing a damaged engine, you should establish exactly what size of engine is suitable for your car. Take account of power and performance. For example, the 2002 3.5-liter Nissan Maxima is capable of delivering an impressive 255 horse power. Consider mileage, cubic capacity, age and weight. Putting a heavy engine in a small car can cause handling problems. The engines in Nissans VQ engine range are aluminum and are relatively light. Write down the three most important criteria for your engine comparison.

2

Discount engines that dont meet your criteria. If you are looking for a cheap replacement engine for an old Nissan, dont spend lots of money on a high-performance GTS engine. The 2.5-liter 2003 Nissan Altima and Nissan Sentra were recalled due to temperature fluctuations that caused the engines to shut down. Be wary of engines that have been subject to manufacturer recall.

3

Use impartial reviews and manufacturer specifications to supplement your comparisons. You should use your key criteria to make comparisons, but note any other beneficial features to help you decide between two similarly suitable engines. Something as simple as the location of the seller may be enough to swing the deal one way or the other.

4

Make a short list of three engine types that youve identified as suitable. Make your ranking process more precise by using a higher grading threshold for the criteria you determined most important: Rank each engine according to your three main criteria. Allow 1 to 20 points for each engine youre considerings proficiency in your top criterion. Allow 1 to 10 points for each engines proficiency in your second most important criterion, and allow 1 to 5 points each engines proficiency in the third.

5

Take account of the cars the engines were in previously. For example, Nissans SR20DET engine is used in various Nissan cars, including the DT Turbo, the Bluebird and the Silvia (these are Japanese versions of Nissan cars). An engine powering a lighter car will have less wear per mile than the same engine powering a larger car. Its the same method of operation you would use if you had two identical cars but one had been used to tow a trailer: You would dock points for engine wear on the engine that towed the trailer due to the extra weight the car pulled and the extra effort the engine exerted.